3 The conflict has been marked by sporadic violence, often involving separatist groups like the Free Papua Movement (OPM) and Indonesian security forces. Reports of human rights abuses, including arbitrary arrests, torture, and extrajudicial killings, have been documented by international human rights organizations.

Despite Papua’s rich natural resources, poverty levels are high and infrastructure development lags behind other parts of Indonesia. This disparity has fueled grievances and exacerbated tensions.

Various stakeholders, including civil society groups, international organizations, and some Indonesian politicians, have called for peaceful dialogue to address the underlying issues and find a sustainable solution to the conflict. (Uki Ruknuddin)